Roadkill

Roadkill
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For the professional wrestler known as Roadkill, see Michael Depoli, for the movie marketed as Roadkill in the UK and Australia, see Joy Ride, for the Supernatural TV series episode, see Roadkill (Supernatural).

Road fauna or roadkill is a term describing animals fatally struck by or ridden over by vehicles on roads and freeways.
Wide-ranging large carnivores like wolves and grizzly bears and slow-moving animals such as turtles and salamanders are particularly vulnerable to becoming roadkill.
Wide-ranging large carnivores like wolves and grizzly bears and slow-moving animals such as turtles and salamanders are particularly vulnerable to becoming roadkill.
White-tailed Deer hit by automobile in the Texas Hill Country.
White-tailed Deer hit by automobile in the Texas Hill Country.
Juvenile Robin found on the side of the road in July 2006 (Midlands, UK)
Juvenile Robin found on the side of the road in July 2006 (Midlands, UK)
An Opossum.
An Opossum.
Roadkill fox showing multiple hits. This type of roadkill is unfit for human consumption due to small bones(reciprocals) embedded in flesh.
Roadkill fox showing multiple hits. This type of roadkill is unfit for human consumption due to small bones(reciprocals) embedded in flesh.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 History
* 2 Research
o 2.1 Breakdown by species
o 2.2 Michigan roadkill analysis
* 3 Roadkill prevention
o 3.1 Night driving
o 3.2 Wildlife crossings
o 3.3 Advocacy
* 4 Cooking and eating
* 5 Trivia
* 6 References
* 7 External links

[edit] History

During the early 20th century, roadkill became a common sight in all industrialized First World nations as they adopted the internal combustion engine and the automobile.

In Australia, specific actions taken to protect against the variety of animals that can damage vehicles - such as bull bars (usually known in Australia as 'roo bars', in reference to kangaroos) - indicate that the Australian experience has some unique features with road kill. [1]

[edit] Research

The Simmons Society was founded by Professor Roger M. Knutson of Luther College in Decorah, Iowa to further studies of road fauna. Professor Knutson also published a book called "Common Animals of Roads, Street, and Highway: A Field Guide To Flattened Fauna".

The number of road fauna present on a given stretch of freeway is said to follow a Poisson distribution. Some researchers believe that lunar phases have an effect on the amount of roadkills. Further study is needed to support this hypothesis.

[edit] Breakdown by species

In 1993, 25 schools throughout New England participated in a roadkill study involving 1,923 animal deaths. By category, the fatalities were

* 81% mammals
* 15% birds
* 3% reptiles and amphibians
* 1% undecernible

A gray squirrel
A gray squirrel

Extrapolating this data nationwide, Merritt Clifton, editor of Animal People Newspaper estimated that the following animals are being killed by motor vehicles in the United States annually:

* 41 million squirrels
* 26 million cats
* 22 million rats
* 19 million opossums
* 15 million raccoons
* 6 million dogs
* 350,000 deer

This study may not have considered differences in observability among taxa (i.e. dead raccoons are easier to see than dead frogs), and has not been published in peer-reviewed scientific literature.

[edit] Michigan roadkill analysis

In 1994, Michigan reported 56,666 deer collisions, of which five resulted in human fatalities, according to Mark Matthew Braunstein of the Santa Cruz Hub. The problem is so pervasive that, according to an article by Hank Pellissier of the San Francisco Chronicle, Michigan uses roadkill statistics to determine its deer population.

[edit] Roadkill prevention
Mountain goats used to cross U.S. Route 2 to get to a salt lick on the other side of the canyon. Now they can get there on rocky passageways underneath these bridges, shielded from view by tree cover and the steep hillside.
Mountain goats used to cross U.S. Route 2 to get to a salt lick on the other side of the canyon. Now they can get there on rocky passageways underneath these bridges, shielded from view by tree cover and the steep hillside.

Collisions with animals can have many negative consequences, besides the obvious consequence of ending a life:

* Human injury or death
* Vehicular damage
* Harm to endangered species
* Injury or death of pets

Lost pet skunks are particularly vulnerable since they lack a sense of direction and cannot see objects more than about 3 meters away with any clarity.

Collisions with animals with antlers are particularly dangerous (e.g., deer) as the head has a tendency to separate and come through the windshield[citation needed].

Deer horns can be mounted on vehicles to warn deer of approaching automobiles, though their effectiveness is disputed[citation needed].

[edit] Night driving

Although strikes can happen at any time of day, deer tend to move at dawn and dusk and are particularly active during the October–December mating season. Driving at night presents its own challenges: Nocturnal species are on the move, and visibility, particularly side visibility, is reduced. When headlights approach a nocturnal animal, this makes it hard for the creature to see the approaching car (nocturnal animals see better in the dark than in the light). Furthermore, the glare of vehicle headlights can dazzle some species, such as rabbits: They will freeze in the road rather than flee. The simple tactics of reducing speed and scanning both sides of the road for foraging deer can improve driver safety at night. Drivers may see the glow of a deer's eyes before seeing the animal itself.

[edit] Wildlife crossings
Traffic signs are often used to indicate areas of increased animal activity, these signs are not always successful (As shown by the dead emu to the right of the sign).
Traffic signs are often used to indicate areas of increased animal activity, these signs are not always successful (As shown by the dead emu to the right of the sign).

Wildlife crossings allow animals to travel over or underneath roads. They are most widely used in Europe, but have also been installed in a few U.S. locations and in parts of Western Canada. As new highways cause habitats to become increasingly fragmented, these crossings could play a crucial role in protecting endangered species.

In the United States, sections of road known to have heavy deer cross-traffic will usually have a warning sign depicting a bounding deer. Similar signs exist for moose, elk and other species.

In the American West, roads may pass through large areas designated as "open range", meaning that no fences separate drivers from large animals such as cattle or bison. A driver may round a bend to find a small herd standing in the road. Open range areas are generally marked with signage and protected by a cattle guard.

A few states now have sophisticated systems to protect motorists from large animals. One of these systems is called RADS (Roadway Animal Detection System). A solar powered sensor detects animals near the roadway and flashes a light to alert oncoming drivers.

[edit] Advocacy

The Jackson Hole Wildlife Foundation is an example of an organization advocating roadkill prevention.

[edit] Cooking and eating
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This article has been tagged since February 2007.

Sometimes called the highway supermarket, roadkill, if not diseased and sufficiently fresh, is entirely safe to eat. A number of cookbooks specifically for roadkill have been written.[1]

Roadkill is sometimes a part of pet foods [2] protein.

Between 1992 and 1999 there was a restaurant chain in New England called the Road Kill Cafe which pretended to serve road killed animals.

A problem with eating road kill is the tendency for small particles of bone from impact to be embedded in the surrounding tissue. This is especially common in multiple hit road kill.


[edit] Trivia
This image is a candidate for speedy deletion. It will be deleted after Sunday, 26 August 2007.

This image is a candidate for speedy deletion. It will be deleted after Sunday, 26 August 2007.

Armadillos are a commonly squashed animal because their first instinct to a threat (in this case, a car) is to jump in the air. The car does not stop, and therefore kills the animal.

In Japan, a railway roadkill is sometimes referred to as "tuna" (maguro; マグロ). Because the dead body's head and feet are chopped off by the train, it looks like a piece of frozen tuna in a fish market (the tail of a tuna is always chopped off to examine its fat content). See ja:マグロ (鉄道事故) Tuna (Railroad Accident)

Roadkill is sometimes used in art in many forms. Some of these artists are formally trained in traditional taxidermy preparation while others are merely experimenting.

There has been at least one case in the United States where a jail inmate was allegedly forced to eat roadkill.

We reject Sheriff Clegg's contention that the relevant law governing his conduct was not clearly established at the time Appellee was allegedly served contaminated roadkill meat in prison., Goodrick v. Clegg, 129 F.3d 125, Unpublished Disposition, 9th Cir.(Idaho), Nov 13, 1997.

Plaintiff Goodrick was incarcerated at Kootenai County Jail in Idaho on two occasions. While there he was fed roadkill, which he claims made him very sick., Goodrick v. Clegg, 210 F.3d 382, Unpublished Disposition, 9th Cir.(Idaho), Jan 4, 2000.

[edit] References

1. ^ Roadkill Cookbooks. Hamilton Armstrong. Retrieved on 2006-07-23.

* Driving Animals to Their Graves by Mark Matthew Braunstein, Santa Cruz Hub.
* The Art of Dead Mice by Hank Pellissier, San Francisco Chronicle.
* Roadkill 2004
* Dr. Splatt's Roadside Attraction, Melissa Kaplan's Herp Care Collection.
* www.roadkills.pixeldiversity.com, Collection of roadkills pictures.

[edit] External links

* Just Because It's In Slow Motion Doesn't Mean You Can Stop It - Joy Hunsberger - an artist who has been photographing roadkill as a form of ancestor worship since 1997.
* Caught in the Headlights — a documentary film that examines the conflict between wildlife and automobile culture
* Stop Roadkill — an artist using roadkill in art
* "Fritz Art @ Pigeon Press" - Roadkill eating artist draws and paints colorful roadkill inspired icons
* Lake Jackson Ecopassage — a campaign to mitigate roadkill along the world's worst turtle-killing highway
* Save The Alabama Red-bellied Turtle — a campaign to stop the killing of endangered Alabama Red-bellied Turtles along US 90 (Mobile Causeway)
* Roadkill Zoo — A comic book about zombie roadkill that come back from the dead. Published by Novaris Entertainment. Nominated for the 2007 Russ Manning Award.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadkill"

Categories: Wikipedia articles needing factual verification since July 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements since December 2006 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | Articles needing additional references from February 2007 | Articles that include images for deletion | Road transport | Meat
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